China’s Search for a Grand Strategy A Rising Great Power Finds Its Way

By Wang Jisi
Foreign Affairs, March-April 2011, Volume 90

Any country’s grand strategy must answer at least three questions: What are the nation’s core interests? What external forces threaten them? And what can the national leadership do to safeguard them? Whether China has any such strategy today is open to debate. On the one hand, over the last three decades or so, its foreign and defense policies have been remarkably consistent and reasonably well coordinated with the country’s domestic priorities. On the other hand, the Chinese government has yet to disclose any document that comprehensively expounds the country’s strategic goals and the ways to achieve them. For both policy analysts in China and China watchers abroad, China’s grand strategy is a field still to be plowed.

What Happens Next in China and the United States

The next step in China’s economic growth will come from the ongoing and careful courtship of Taiwan. China absorbed Hong Kong and Macao without any major economic and cultural disruptions. While there was a decline in property values in Hong Kong in the late 1990s when it was absorbed into the People’s Republic of China, property values now are comparable or higher than when it was annexed. The reunification with Taiwan has been a more delicate courtship. It is being done in many small steps, such as permitting direct flights between the two. These flights have stimulated tourism between Taiwan and mainland China.

China: The Growing Giant

Prosperity and Poverty

Arriving in China through the airports of Beijing or Shanghai, you enter a spacious and ultramodern terminal. The building is clean. There are large open spaces and soaring ceilings. Everything appears efficient and contemporary-no different from terminals in Zurich, Tokyo, or New York City. It’s easy to get through baggage claim and customs fast. Gateways have always been important in Chinese culture as a way of protecting the interior as well as impressing visitors with their splendor, and these portals to modern China initially impress you as well-planned, twenty-first-century hubs.

United States: The Weakening Giant

Think of the United States as a large and mature oak tree. It is tall and has many branches, representing the political, geographical, and economic diversity of the country.

Beating America

The devastation of Europe and Japan during World War II gave the United States a unique opportunity to dominate international commerce and, later, to dominate the world political stage as the biggest superpower. Before the war, Britain, France, and Germany were viewed as the world’s superpowers, but that ended in the ashes of ?res and bomb fragments in Dresden, Coventry, and throughout the rest of the Continent. During the decades in which Europe, Russia, and Japan recovered from the war’s devastation, the United States was able to exploit its own unchallenged economic and political power. The result was a new world order.

Introduction

China is threatening to usurp the position of the United States as the global leader in wealth. Will the United States remain wealthy and strong, or will the United States be financially weakened by China?

Contents

ChinAmerica: The Uneasy Partnership that Will Change the World
By Handel Jones
2010

Contents

Introduction

Part I: Beating America
1. The Front Lines of the ChinAmerica Wealth Battle
2. How CEOs Replaced Generals

Part II: United States: The Weakening Giant
3. The Declining U.S. Automobile and Steel Industries
4. U.S. Computer industry—a winner to date
5. The Role of Government in U.S. Industry

Part III: China: The Growing Giant
6. What Is China Today?
7. Chinese Culture
8. Chinese Government Policies
9. Chinese Economic Philosophies
10. China’s Future Looks Bright

Part IV: What Happens Next in China and the United States
11. Taiwan and Its Synergy with China
12. A Restructuring Plan for the United States

China’s Regional Military Posture

By Michael D. Swaine

Some observers of Asia increasingly emphasize the growing importance of globalization and the forces of political, diplomatic, economic, social, and cultural change as key factors shaping the future of the region. Although such variables are unquestionably significant, the history of Asia, past experience concerning changes in the larger international system, and much of our conceptual understanding of how nations interact to shape their environment clearly indicate that military power remains a critical determinant of the security perceptions and behavior of all nations, and hence of the larger Asian and global systems.

Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics: Introduction

The Rise of China and Asia’s New Dynamics

By David Shambaugh

Asia is changing, and China is a principal cause. The structure of power and parameters of interactions that have characterized international relations in the Asian region over the last half century are being fundamentally affected by, among other factors, China’s growing economic and military power, rising political influence, distinctive diplomatic voice, and increasing involvement in regional multilateral institutions. This volume offers an in-depth and careful assessment of China’s new behavior and linkages with the region. The study further examines the impact that China’s rise, in all of its dimensions, is having on the international relations of Asia, and the implications for the United States.

Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics

Edited by David Shambaugh
University Of California Press Berkeley, 2005

Contents

Introduction: The Rise of China and Asia’s New Dynamics (David Shambaugh)

Part One: China and The Changing Asian Landscape
1. Return to the Middle Kingdom? China and Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century (David Shambaugh)
2. China’s Regional Strategy (Zhang Yunling and Tang Shiping)

Part Two: The Economic Dimension
3. China’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile (Hideo Ohashi)
4. China’s Regional Economies and the Asian Region: Building Interdependent Linkages (Robert F. Ash)

Part Three: Politics and Diplomacy
5. China-Japan Relations: Downward Spiral or a New Equilibrium? (Mike M. Mochizuki)
6. China’s Ascendancy and the Korean Peninsula: From Interest Reevaluation to Strategic Realignment? (Jae Ho Chung)
7. Taiwan Faces China: Attraction and Repulsion (Richard Bush)
8. China and Southeast Asia: The Context of a New Beginning (Wang Gungwu)
9. China’s Influence in Central and South Asia: Is It Increasing? (John W. Garver)
10. China and Russia: Normalizing Their Strategic Partnership (Yu Bin)

Part Four: Security
11. China’s Evolving Regional Security Strategy (Bates Gill)
12. China’s Regional Military Posture Michael (D. Swaine)

Part Five: Implications for the United States
13. China’s Regional Strategy and Why It May Not Be Good for America (Robert Sutter)
14. China’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America’s Expense (David M. Lampton)

Part Six: Implications for the Asian Region
15. The Transformation of the Asian Security Order: Assessing China’s Impact (Jonathan D. Pollack)
16. The Evolving Asian Order: The Accommodation of Rising Chinese Power (Michael Yahuda)

China Military Report 2008

DOD (Departement of Defense) – China Military Report 2008

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How America Wants to Check China’s Expansion

Chinese Empire

China-India: Cooperation and Competition

The Chinese Mare Nostrum: Tension and Conflicts for Energy